Ensuring children and young people’s safety Essay Example for Free

Ensuring clawren and young masss golosh EssayEnsuring children and young peoples safety and welfare in the take setting is an essential part of safeguarding. While children are at crop, practitioners act in loco parentis while their parents are away. As part of their legal and professed(prenominal) obligations, practitioners hold positions of trust and a duty of care to the children in their take, and therefore should always act in their best interests and ensure their safety the welfare of the child is paramount (Children propel 1989). The Children Act 2004 came in with the Every Child Matters (ECM) guidelines and greatly impacted the way schools look at the care and welfare of bookmans. Children and young people should be helped to learn and thrive and be given the opportunity to gain the five basic out(a)comes be healthy stay safe enjoy and achieve make a positive contribution and achieve economic swell- existence. Children are vulnerable and depending on their ag e and level of growing, do not see insecurity or recognise finds. They do not know when or how to look after themselves and lead adults to protect them and ensure their safety, whilst encouraging their independence in an age appropriate manner.All organisations that employ mental faculty or volunteers to ply with children impoverishment to use a safer recruitment practice. In March 2005, following the Soham murders and the subsequent Bichard Inquiry, the DCSF part for Children, Schools and Families (previously the DES and the DoH) proposed that Recommendation 19 of the Bichard Inquiry should be carried out advanced ar prevailments should be introduced requiring those who wish to work with children, or vulnerable adults, to be registered. The register would verify that there is no known reason why an undivided should not work with these clients.As a result, the condomguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 was passed, providing the legislative framework for the new Vetting an d Barring scheme. This Act established the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA) to make decisions about who should be each(prenominal)owed to work with children, the elderly and other vulnerable adults and to maintain lists of those who are barred. infra the Act, it is an offence for an employer to employ a barred person in a use of goods and services with children. It is also an offence for a barred person to apply for much(prenominal) a role. Employers must also advise the ISA if an individual harms a child whilst working for them. The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 merged the ISA with the CRB (Criminal Records Bureau) to form the DBS (Disclosure and Barring Services). It also tell apart between supervised and unsupervised activities.Schools should cause policies and procedures for safer recruitment practice, which should be applied at every stage in the recruitment process, from advertising, references and pre-interview checks, to the selection of candidates, interviewi ng process and the purport of appointment. As part of the process, every adult wanting to work with children or vulnerable adults must have a DBS (Disclosure and Barring Services) check. There are trine levels of DBS disclosure-Basic disclosure details relevant study about the individual, together with any convictions (spent or in force), cautions or warnings that the individual has received.-Enhanced disclosure includes the same as the basic disclosure, plus any additional relevant information held by the police.-Enhanced disclosure with Barred List Check.Schools must also ensure that any adults (including dry cleaners and caretakers) or volunteers in the workplace do not have unsupervised coming to children unless they have been DBS checked.Schools need to ensure that they provide children and young people with a happy safe environment to learn and develop, with trusted and supportive adults. Practitioners need to actively promote the offbeat and welfare of every child. This includes providing a wide range of activities to promote development through hightail it as well as formal learning. These activities should include age appropriate toys and games that meet the Toy ( galosh) Regulations 1995 and are in a good state of repair. Practitioners should check for Kitemarks and CE markings. Kitemarks are symbols that line of battle products have been tested and meet the British Standard Institute requirements. CE markings show that products meet European standards as set out by the European Community.Children also need to communicate and socialise with their peers, children from other age groups and other adults. They need to feel safe and secure in their environment so that they feel able to speak to adults about any concerns they may have, or to ask questions and try on help without fear of embarrassment. They need good role models who can help them extend their decision making skills and develop independence appropriate to their age and development le vel. Practitioners have a further responsibility to provide additional support to children who may have special educational of necessity.This may be through individual sessions within the school, liaison with external services much(prenominal) as educational psychologists or through the CAF (Common Assessment Framework) process. The CAF process was developed to gather and assess information in relation to a childs needs in development, parenting and the family environment. It is a service that should be offered to children (and their families) whose additional needs are not being met through universal services within the school. Practitioners also need to protect any children who may be at encounter of significant harm because of their rest home life and personal circumstances.There are a number of policies and procedures that should be in place in schools to ensure children and young peoples security measure and safetyWorking in an open and transparent way adults should make s ure that another member of staff is always aware of where they are working, oddly if they are alone in a room with a child, there should always be visual access or the door should remain open. trade of care adults should always act in the best interests of the child and ensure their safety the welfare of the child is paramount (Children Act 1989).Whistleblowing staff should understand their responsibilities to exalt concerns of malpractice. Staff will be deemed to be failing in their duty to safeguard children if they do not act.Listening to children adults relationships with children should always be professional, caring and respectful. Children need to feel valued and listened to.Power and positions of trust adults working with children hold positions of trust due to their access to the children in their care, and relationships between pupils and staff willalways have an unequal balance of power these positions should never be abused.Behaviour teachers should behave in su ch a way as to safeguard childrens well-being and maintain public trust in the teaching profession.Physical contact staff should ensure that any contact with children is entirely professionally appropriate.Off-site visits staff must take particular care to ensure that clear boundaries are maintained and full risk assessments must be carried out prior to a visit.Recording of images there must be age-appropriate consent from the person or their parents or carers.Intimate personal care all children have a just to safety, privacy and dignity when intimate care is required.Sharing concerns and information highly confidential information about children and their families should only ever be shared on a need to know basis, and anonymously wherever possible.Security school exposit should be made secure with fencing, gates and locking doors with secure access codes to prevent unwelcome visitors and to stop children from leaving the premises unaccompanied. There should be clear lockin g and unlocking procedures and stringent rules for visitor access to the buildings. Contractors should be LA canonical or selected using safe selection procedures and should have carried out appropriate risk assessments in advance. They should be given information to enable them to follow the schools safety procedures.The three main areas that address the protection of children from harm in the work setting are child protection health and safety, and risk assessments.Child protection.It is the responsibility of all adults in the setting to actively safeguard children and young people and to prevent abuse or neglect. The setting should detail how the policies and procedures should work on a daily basis and outline current legislation in this area (see Task A). The constitution should describe the responsibilities of the setting as well as those of individuals. It should include a summary of the possible signs of abuse or neglect for staff to refer to (see Task D1). Staff are requir ed to serve to any concerns in an appropriate and timely manner. There should be clear guidelines on how staff should proceed when there are concerns, orallegations have been made, including the role of the designated CPO (Child Protection Officer) (see Task D2).Staff should also be made aware of the procedures if the allegation concerns another member of staff or the head teacher (see naval division 2 below). The policy should detail external services that may be required, including names and telephone numbers etc. There should be specific direction about how to behave if a child or young person makes an allegation of abuse. The policy should detail other procedures and policies that support staff responsibilities in this area, such as the behaviour and anti-bullying policies (see Task E) and the whistleblowing policy (see Section 3 below).Health and Safety.Schools are legally required to have a Health and Safety policy to ensure that there is a plan for how health and safety is managed in the setting and that all staff are aware of all their responsibilities. This policy should be read and implemented by all staff and it should form part of the induction process for new members of staff. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 were designed to protect everyone at work. The employer in a school must take reasonable stairs to ensure that staff and pupils are not exposed to risks to their health and safety. This applies to activities on or off school premises. The employer is required to carry out regular reviews of the school, its premises and activities. There should be a designated health and safety representative at every setting who is responsible for the reviews and any subsequent action.The reviews should involve regular walks most the school as well as safety checks on equipment. All electrical items should be checked annually by a qualified electrician. conflagration extinguishers sho uld also be checked annually. Staff should ensure that they use any safety equipment provided and store it safely. All materials and equipment used in schools should meet recognised safety standards. Practitioners should check for Kitemarks and CE markings. Kitemarks are symbols that show products have been tested and meet the British Standard Institute requirements. CE markings show that products meet European standards as set out by the European Community. The Workplace, (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 deal with physical conditions in theworkplace and require employers to meet minimum standards in relation to a wide range of issues, including maintenance of buildings and equipment lighting provision of drinking water temperature ventilation rest rooms toilet facilities room dimensions and space cleanliness condition of floors and handicraft routes.The School Premises (England) Regulations 2012 apply to all maintained schools in England, and came into effect in Octob er 2012. This legislation works in conjunction with the Workplace Regulations, but applies specifically to school standards, which are often more stringent i.e. the provision of a medical room for pupils, or a lower maximum temperature for hand airstream in childrens toilet facilities. To protect children and young people from harm on the premises, the school should consider the followingSafety of the indoor and outdoor play equipment, including water and sand play.Safety in the school rigchen, including the storage, preparation and cooking of food.Fire safety, including maintaining clearly marked exit routes and doors.Appropriately sized furniture and equipment for the children.Safe storage of hazardous materials under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002.Appropriate adult-child ratios at all times.First aid training for staff, with sufficient numbers of primary aid trained staff on the premises at all times.Safety in the dining hall, including hot food, spillages, choking risks etc.Vigilance in challenging unidentified adults.Procedures for cleaning up bodily fluids, vomit or faeces.Internet safety.Hand washing facilities and practices.Adaptations where necessary for children with special needs or disabilities.Safety of outdoor play areas, including access, space and floor surfacing.Safe storage and supervision of medicines.Implementation of procedures for children and staff with illnesses, i.e. remaining away from school for 48 hours after unsoundness or diarrhoea.Anominated person for asbestos and legionella competency.Tidiness and safety of traffic routes around the premises.Off-site educational visits have additional issues that could affect childrens safety. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 requires full risk assessments to be carried out prior to a visit. Employers must assess the risks of activities, plan measures to hold in the risks and inform employees of the measures. Staff must fo llow school and Local Authority regulations, policies and guidance, which include evidence of parental permission emergency procedures first aid kit and trained staff appropriate clothing and equipment qualified staff for activities adult to children ratios special educational or medical needs of the children approval of volunteers (including DBS checks) age and competence of the pupils and transport arrangements. Health and Safety arrangements also require members of staff to harbour colleagues/senior staff aware of their whereabouts and movements.Risk assessments.It is a legal requirement for all employers to carry out risk assessments. Risk assessments are a formal examination of things that could cause harm to people. The Health and Safety Executive guidance sets out a simple Five Steps to Risk AssessmentStep 1 Look for the hazards and risks. A hazard is something that can cause harm. A risk is the likelihood of harm together with the consequences should it take place.Step 2 D ecide who could be harmed and how.Step 3 It is necessary to differentiate between hazards and risks and then to range them, dealing with the most serious risks first. Decide whether the existing precautions are sufficient. If not, decide what other precautions should be introduced and ensure that they are put in place.Step 4 Record your actions and findings.Step 5 Review the assessment at regular intervals, or if circumstanceschange, and revise if necessary.Risk assessments should be used within the school setting e.g. for a new climbing frame or for outdoor water play, and also for off-site visits regardless of their duration. The head teacher is usually responsible for risk assessments and should sign and date them after they are completed. If existing precautions are not satisfactory, then activities may have to be restricted or stop until changes are made. Changes may involve staff training or additional equipment. Risk assessments will also need to be carried out for individua ls with special needs or disabilities and specialists may come to the school to carry them out. Other individuals may require a risk assessment in certain circumstances, i.e. a pupil on crutches or temporarily in a wheelchair. Ofsted inspectors would expect risk assessments to be available as part of their inspections.Risk assessments should form part of a schools management processes and help to formalise working practices and arrangements. They are a valuable tool for identifying problems and potential problems, monitoring situations and ensuring precautions are taken to keep children and adults safe from harm.

Online Hotel reservation Essay Example for Free

Online Hotel mental reservation EssayINTRODUCTIONOver the years, the internet has greatly changed the way throng use computers and communicate today. Many ne iirk terms bewilder become part of peoples everyday language and e-mail has added a whole new center through which people can communicate. By the turn of the century, information, including access to the meshing, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political advancement. The popular name for the profits is the information superhighway. Whether you pauperization to find the latest financial news, browse through library catalogs, exchange information with colleagues, or join in a lively political debate, the internet is the tool that will take you beyond telephones, faxes, and isolated computers to a burgeoning networked information frontier. The pace of change brought about by new technologies has had a significant force-out on the way people live and work worldwide.New and emerging technologies challenge the traditional process of teaching and learning, and the way education is managed. Information technology, charm an important theatre of operations of study in its own right, is having a major impact across all curriculum areas. As internet technology has improved, so have online reservation systems. Today, it is possible through online, to make a reservation for a hotel anywhere in the world. Hotels can create Web site and carry new content on it every day. Technology has gone a long way, improving the lives of people. These technological breakthroughs have lots to offer, making great things in the easiest, fastest and efficient possible ways you can think of. Online hotel Reservation is very useful for the people especially for socials that they can now easily hold back a room in a hotel through online Internet. Easy worldwide communication provides instant access to a vast array of data. realise OverviewProject StatementThe hotel reservation system will provide service to o n-line customers, journey agents, and an administrator. On-line customers and journey agents can make searches, reservations and cancel an existing reservation on the hotel reservations web site. Administrator can add/update the hotel and the room information approve/disapprove a new travel agents account application andgenerate a monthly occupancy rate report for each hotel.Literature reviewThe construct of travel and tourism websites has received substantial solicitude by scholars (e.g.Schegg et al., 2002 Law and Leung, 2002 Law andWong, 2003 Scharl, Wber and Bauer, 2003 Landvogt, 2004 So and Morrison, 2004 Essawy, 2005 Jeong et al., 2005 Law and Hsu,2006Zafiropoulos and Vrana, 2006 Schmidt, Cantallops, and dos Santos, 2007).Landvogt (2004) evaluates several online booking engines over 23 differentcriteria, like overall user friendliness, payment method, instant confirmation,reliability, and invoicing function among others. These criteria present some ofsystems functions and d esign principles discussed furtherin current paper.In their study Jeong et al. (2005) find that only two characteristics ofhotel websites (information completeness and ease of use) are importantdeterminants of perceived website quality.These results are bewildering asmost studies identify more dimensions of perceived service quality to besignificant for website users. Law and Hsu (2006), for example, pass judgment thedimensions of hotel websites (information regarding the reservation, hotelfacilities, contact details of the property, surrounding area and websitemanagement) and attri simplyes in each dimension mostly valued by online users.Some of the most important website attributes are found to be the room rates,availability and security of payments (in the reservation informationdimension), the mess maps, hotel and room amenities (in facilitiesinformation), telephone, address and e-mail of the hotel (for contactinformation), transportation to the hotel, airports and sights (for surroundingarea information), and up-to-date information, multilingual site and shortdownload time (for website management).So and Morrison (2004) applysimilar criteria for website evaluation as the preceding study but they groupthem into technical, marketing, consumer perspective and destinationinformation perspective criteria.Essawy (2005) focuses on website usability and shows that severeusability problems with interface quality, information quality, and servicequality affect negatively the acquire and revisit aspirations of website users.The author identifies some of the practical tools/activities for increasing usersperceived satisfaction, purchase intention, and potential birth building exchanging linkswith local points of interest, shorter/simpler pathways toleisure breaks, great depth of information for room facilities and pricing,providing proactive interactions, and avoiding third-party reservation systems.In similar vein, Scharl, Wber and Bauer (2003) assess the effe ctiveness ofhotel websites. Authors identify personal, system and media factors thatcontribute to hotel website adoption. In the system factors group, that is morecontrollable by the hotel management compared to personal and media factors,they identify the perceived utility of the product, speed of the system,intelligence, layout, services, languages, navigation, interactivity, reliability ofthe system.Research has also shown that swear is an important dimension of websitedevelopment (Fam, Foscht and Collins, 2004 Chen, 2006 Wu and Chang, 2006).If consumers do not trust the website they will not visit it, or will nottransform their visits into real purchases.Although much effort has been put towards evaluating the design oftourism websites and the identification of website attributes highly valued bycustomers, there is a gap in the research in the OHRS design and its specificproblems have not received enough attention in previous research with fewnotable exceptions. In series of re ports Bainbridge (2002, 2003a, 2003b)discusses the practical aspects of the OHRS design (the search option in thesystems, the booking process and the date format), while Ivanov (2002, 2005)discusses the types and important characteristics of OHRSs and the major marketingdecisions to be taken by the marketing managers in their design.The review of available literature on the tourism / hotel website and OHRS design reveals the following conclusions Website users are arouse in easy navigation through the system. They want abundance of information for the services offered in textand pictures. Trust is vital for the usage of the system. Website design can importantly influence the online experience of theusers and their purchase intentions. Website design itself does not guarantee online purchases but it is theperceived utility of the product that attracts customers.Demographic characteristics and Internet Usage Behaviour Education level, age, income,and short letter have been found to be significantly different among Internet users. Bonn etal.(1998)15 study showed that those who use the Internet as a travel information-gathering tool are apparent to bemore educated, younger, with higher household incomes, use commercial lodging accommodations while traveling, die hard to travel by air and spend more money on travel-related expenses. weber and Roehls (1999)16 study shows similar results. They found that online travel purchasers are more belike to be people who are aged 26-55, with higherincomes, with higher status occupations, and have more years of experience with the Internet than those who do not search or purchase online. The Asian demographic patterns of online purchasers tend to mirror their Western profiles. correspond tostudies carried out by Technowledge Asia in 1999 and 2000, cybershoppers in the four Asian regions (Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia) were found to be mainly males, in the age group of 26 to 35 years and better educated. Henc e, it has been shown that an individuals educational level may affect their susceptibility to attitude change. Intelligent people understandcomplex messages better, and as a result, vista by complex messages is more likely. In addition, an individuals educational level is alsopartially a measure of their socioeconomic status. Weber and Roehl (1999)16 study found that Internet bookers were more likely to have used the Internet for 4 years. Other researchers confirmed that Internet bookers spend more time online per week than those booking offline (Weber and Roehl ,1999)16.Finally, the intention to shop online is also influenced by consumers Internet shopping history (Shim et al., 2001)17. It is demonstrated by pastresearch findings that prior online shoppingexperiences have a direct impact on Internet shopping intentions (Weber and Roehl, 1999)16. There have been other studies that have supported online experience or tenure as key determinant of onlinebuying behavior (Bellman, Lohse , and Johnson, 199918 and Beldona et al, 2004)19. Findings indicate that the greater the number of years the user spent online combined with higher frequency of Internet usage the greater was the likelihood of buying (Bellman et al., 199918 Weber and Roehl, 199916 and Beldona et al 2004)19. Alwitt and Hamer (2000)20 call for that consumers increasetheir control with more time spent on the Internet, and in turn develop finer expectations of their interactions with businesses in general.Hammond, McWilliam, and Diaz (1998)21 of users attitudes towards the Web. Based from the literature review of the Internet users,it is noticeable that Internet users are better educated, higher incomes, higher status occupations, have more online experience, use commercial lodging accommodations while travelling and tend to travel by air. In Malaysia, one of the profiles that had an early exposure to the culture of using the Internetfor personal and professional reasons was university residents. These may consist of students, administrators and lecturers. However, university staffs are more likely to fit the profiles of the Internet users (in terms of purchasing) due to their financial capability and mobility. Consequently, this leads to H1 There is a relationship between the university staffs demographic factors and the determinants ofonline hotel reservationH2 There is a relationship between the university staffs Internet usage behavior and the determinants of online hotel reservation

Legal framework for social work in United Kingdom Essay Example for Free

Legal frame execute for friendly doing in united Kingdom Essay societal run short is define as a superior and academic discipline that will seek to realize improvement on the individuals, groups and communities quality of life and their well- universe through having policies, conducting researches, organizing communities and teaching for the good of the volume affected by complaisant limitations that may take poverty, mental and physical sickness, affable injustice including violation of human ripes. International (Federation of tender Workers 2000). These groups may include school dropouts, the elderly in the society, juvenile offenders, drug and alcohol abusers and the homelessSocial histrions will work in different graveltings within a set of framework of legislation and work outs. The setting may include a school situation, the service users home, a hospital or a public sector laying claimSocial work valuesSocial work is argued to be value based. Since it is a affair on, social work ethics (values) thus refer to a set of guidelines that hire to govern the way professionals treat the people they interact with and the sort of actions that are regarded as right or wrong. They offer a mass and discernment (Bernstein 1970)Social work in the United Kingdom occurs in four spheres. The first sphere is majorly a concept relates to the moral philosophy that creates the honest arguments on social work. The second sphere is based on the legislation that has created an environment for practice of social work with reference to the social work cases. The tierce sphere is the political ideas and concepts and their influence in shaping and sculpturing the social work models, social work methods and practices. The last sphere presents the historical part of the beginning of social work as a profession and its struggle for professional identity. These spheres are extended, mid range and restricted definitions of social work ethics and values (Bernar d et al 2008, p. 6)This paper will focus on the second sphere in reference to the United Kingdom.Social work and lawSocial work as a profession has to follow certain laws and regulations which govern the profession. The legal framework involves the statute laws and case laws and tries to explain the relationship that links them. Moreover, it details legislation of the organization downstairs acts of parliament, the international laws, policy guidance, and the local regimen circulars that articulate the purpose and guidance principles of legislation.The Health and explosive charge professional Council code of practiceAs a social worker, it is paramount to be aware of the legal obligations required of them to cretae a healthy and safe working conditions. The General Social Care Council code of practice imposes more duties for employers of social workers. The code states that (Brayne Carr 2002, P. 49)The social worker shall protect and promote interests of the service usersThe so cial worker will strive to establish, maintain trust and assumption of the service usersThe social worker will promote independence of the service users while giving them protection from possible harmThe social worker shall assess the rights of the service users while ensuring that their behavior will non harm other people and themselvesThe social worker shall uphold the public trust and confidence in the social safekeeping servicesThe social worker shall be account adequate to(p) for quality in their work and taking responsibility for maintenance and improvement of their knowledgeACTS OF PARLIAMENTThe Carew standard conduct 2000This locomote has a significant role in the social care work as it did extend the registration politics for the social care in England and that of Wales for provision of the childrens services, the Act requires the followingRegistration of children homesRegistration of family centresRegistration of the independent fostering agencies Registration of voluntary borrowing agenciesRegistration of support agenciesTo be a permanent registered member one has to meet a set of regulations tailored to each individual service. In feeler up to a decision whether the regulatory requirement shave been fulfilled, the registering authority must have a regard to minimum home(a) standards. Englands registration authority is Office for Standards in Education, Childrens Services and Skills (OFSTED). The Social workers and the social care services cannot post without having satisfied the above requirements. As a social worker or a social care service provider, there is a need to have knowledge to avoid prosecution by LawThe health and social care Act 2012This tone was agreed upon by both houses and obtained the Royal Assent on the 27th of March to become an act of parliament. The pecker created an independent topic Health Service Board to promote choices made by the patients in regard to their health is accomplishs and reduced the administra tion tool of the National Health Service. A National Health Service Board was also created to allocate resources and provide guidance on commissioning of social care services. Powers of the governments ability to commission services on behalf of patients were increased. The function of the Care Quality Commission was strengthened and Section 209 of this Act amended. The powers of the new law under Section 60 of the 199 Act gave her majesty the power by order in the council to regulate social workers and social care practitioners of England. This placed the role of social workers and the role of social health care providers directly under her majesty (Britain 2012, p. 9). This Act placed a lot of Significance on Social Care services being provided in the United Kingdom. A retainer on the adult social care was emphasized. For example, allowing the transfer of public health to the local governing through local health and the well being boards. Various new bodies have emerged such as t he Local health watches which have a function of checking on health and the social care standards.Childrens Act 2004.In England, the law protects the right of children. Section 11 and 12 of this Act places a statutory business on all agencies to co-operate and promote the welfare of the children. The government guidance for social workers and other professionals that interact with children is that the social worker has a duty of retentivity the children safe. There should be constant feedback to the children social care local authority on suggestions and assessment and lastly every person who has a role should not think that he/she has the absolute right to the childs needs. Professionals sometimes fail to report the abuse and neglect cases do not face penalties for umbrage however they might be subjected to professional disciplinePublic Services (Social Value) Act 2012The bill got a Royal Assent on 8th of March. The bill aimed to give strength to the social enterprise businesses sectors and make relevant the concept of social value and its importance in the placing and providing of public services. With this bill a National Social enterprise strategy was created to encourage the engagement in social enterprises. The local government act 2000 section 4 was then required to have a sustainable community strategy proposal that promote the engagement of social enterprise in their areas.The Local Authority Social Services Act 1970This Act brought together the different fields of social work into a single Social service department in every local authority. With this establishment, an furiousness was laid on a co-ordinated and comprehensive trunk of approach to the social care, the support of families and identifying the need for people to seek aid. The formulated departments then became responsible for house servant aid, residential accommodation and recreational services.Care council of WalesAll social workers should be registered. It is one of the bodies ma ndated to register and regulates the activities of the social workers and all other social care in Wales. The care council is set up under the Care Standards Act 2000. It includes the codes of professional practice, conduct rules, and a well established guideline on the complainants procedure. Some other features accessed include consultation services, annual reports, the newsletters and the e-bulletins. Registration of workers ensures that there is as constant data of available social workers and social health care workers in a condition state or region. It is easy to verify a genuine worker and avoids imposters who might be out on venomous activitiesCare and Social services inspectorate WalesThis is a body mandated to regulating and inspecting the establishment of agencies that offer social care services in Wales region. It carries out duties on behalf of the ministers of Wales. It has been given power under Act 2003 of the Social and Health care to look into the handling of soci al services by the local authorities. On their website, one is able to raise a query on social workers conduct for necessary action.Rights and freedoms of Social workers and limitationsGuide to selective information sharingSocial work is a professional duty. When dealing with children, England places emphasis on effective information sharing between the local agencies and the social workers on identification and assessment of service provisions. These are defined in Working together to safeguard children (PDF). Under this guidance, paragraph 1.24 states clearly that fears that arise on sharing personal information should not hinder promotion of a childs welfare and safety. All social workers and social care provider thus are required to have an efficient information discernment process to avoid a scenario of neglect in believe that another individual will do the task.Limitations to this guideThese provisions however do have limitations. In Waless guidance on information sharing is found in chapter 14 of Safeguarding children working together under the Children Act 2004 (PDF). In these guidance paragraph 14.5 overlaps the guidance for professionals in England. It states that The safety and welfare of a child or young person must be put into consideration first when making decisions about sharing information about them and that must be, an overriding public interest in disclosing information. The guidance then further goes on to give the way forward in sharing on information. Paragraph 14.6 states that the best way of ensuring that information sharing is properly handled is to work within cautiously worked out information-sharing protocols between agencies and professionals involved, and taking legal advice in each case where necessary.Guide to Loss and damageSocial workers have been mandated with a legal duty of caring and service providers. In essence these role places the employers with responsibility of paying up damages their employees suffer while in lin e of duty. In the suit those being taken care of suffer adverse damage as a result of social work interference, then they are entitled to sue the social work company for negligence. These may be as a result of physical damage, emotional or psychological damage. While this is the case, the law prohibits the suing of social workers when performing certain statutory functions like safeguarding children. Employers need to understand the times which their employees may be liable to protection under the law and when not.Legislation on discrimination on Personal privacyIn line of duty, social workers provide aid services. In order for them to carry out these functions effectively, it is paramount for them to have knowledge of the raft of legislation that protects individuals for discrimination basing on their gender, age, sexual orientation, religion, disability or ethnicity. These are domestic laws of the United Kingdom and are complemented by European Convention on human right which pr otects the citizens of the United Kingdom against unjustified state interference with their life. It is always possible for government and social work agencies acquire into peoples life when they are not willing. In this event then the public can resort to the human rights protection of privacy and autonomy. Social workers and social work agencies need to have knowledge of the rights and privileges granted to the masses under the European convention for both parties to avoid violating them while at the corresponding time helping individuals who have had their rights contravenedThe Human rightsHuman rights are legal obligations that are to be adhered to universally. Human rights are defined as the universal right to standard living that is adequate for healthy and well being of individuals and their families.(Roosevelt 2000, p.5). The global social work perspective embodies this by stating that The struggle for dignity and fundamental freedoms, which allows for the honest developm ent of human potentials, boils down to two words human rights.(IFSW 1996). With this law, special work in the United Kingdom is bound to human rights which are considered gauzy to human race and collective citizenship. The social work must then be conceptualized and sensitized to the culture in which the services are offered. Thus a social worker in England should be able to accept the culture and laws of a state or region in which he/she is working in. remainderSocial work and social care has a pivotal role in service delivery to the society. This view cannot go unnoticed. The values, ethics of social work such as respect for humanity, equality and service to all have played a major role in helping the less privileged in the United Kingdom. The beneficiaries have included the mentally ill, the old, women and children. The United Kingdom having realized the vital role of social care came up with various laws not only to check but to guide the professionals in their field of work. These laws have been defined in various Acts of parliament, Scholarly publications and various codes of ethics and conduct of the Social work profession. Social workers and social care workers interact with different people on daily basis. In order for a harmonious and efficient system of operation to uphold, these laws and various publications have played a major role. However the legal stipulations have also had a negative side of the story being felt where they have had to hamper the operations of social workers and social care practitioners. Technological advancements and constant reviews of challenges that have risen in the working environment of this profession I believe can act as a catalyst to new ideas to command this noble profession to greater heights in the United KingdomReferencesBRITAIN, G. (2012). Health and social care act 2012 chapter 7. S.l., Tso.BRAYNE, H., CARR, H. (2012). Law for social workers. Oxford, Oxford University Press.BRITAIN, G. (2012). Health and soc ial care act 2012 chapter 7. S.l., Tso.BARNARD, A., HORNER, N., WILD, J. (2008). The value base of social work and social care. Maidenhead, England, Open University Press.ROOSEVELT, E. (2000). Universal declaration of human rights in English, Spanish, French, Chinese, Russian, Arabic. Bedford, Mass, Applewood Books.HEALY, L. M. (2008). International social work professional action in an interdependent world. Oxford, Oxford University Press.REAMER, F. G. (2006). Social work values and ethics. New York, Columbia University Press.BERNSTEIN, P. (1997). American work values their origin and development. New York, State Univ. of New York Press.BANKS, S. (2012). Ethics and values in social work. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan.(2004). Children Act 2004 Explanatory notes. S.l., Stationery Office.Source document

Reflection on Personal Performance in Business Strategy Game

Reflection on Personal Performance in Business dodge GameBusiness strategy games involving management operation before affirm the decision to be made. Lesson learned taken from the business game, from the process and the subject from the case (industry and situation condition of the business).Management ProcessPlanning was the first process taken. Reading and agnizeing the relevant information was necessary and plays a signifi lavt office staff in planning process. Expectation was established in the planning, and followed stepping process until alone aspects return been determined, including all distinctiveness in production (capacity, model, etc.), transportation (shipping), labor, etc. Planning is particular, and it was indicated in the business strategy games, in which it required quite slightly time to fall upon an agreement. Time was also a factor should be considered, and it drove the discussion on the planning to obtain the agreement. Organizing was also needed in t he game to obtain optimal process. One opinion was listened and it organized the discussion and the direction of the process toward certain strategy. Other opinion was taking in to consideration, whether fight back or as devil advocacy to the strategy.The process also managed by organizing the flow of discussion to center on the strategy with already decided to be focused on. One person plays place as organizer at one time became a source person or follower in the other time. This approach of organizing made the progress of the discussion in the one focal point that describes the strategy taken which leads to the decision. When a member played the role as organizer, then the member did directing the process and content according to the chosen strategy, and also can happened that the strategy can be changed according to the expect result and considering assumption of strategy of the competitors. Some times in the process, one or more than member can have their drive going down. In this situation other member did motivated the team to keep up the winning spirit. Controlling was also involved in the process, by focus on one thing and sacrifices in other thing, align with the strategy. These four processes of management were implemented in the process of gaining the final decision and in determine the content to be made (such as production/manufacturing, shipping, labor, price, etc.), in which the final decision was made by consensus.The experience in the game gives the learning point in practicing of implementing management process, planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Within a given time, assemblage should be able to do planning (including crafting the strategy, and establish the goal), organizing the process (including agreed on the road stand for of the process, listening and expressing opinion, and adjusting to the characteristics of the group), directing (including do and accept direction, motivating others, make or initiate decision), and controlling (to be aligned with strategy).Management FunctionsStrategy plays a critical role in the process, and aim to make the company have contrastingiation that creates competitive edge comp atomic number 18 with the competitors. Decisions are determined align with the chosen strategy. Strategy such as increasing market share and or increasing price to obtain more profit, and or have a low cost production by moving the manufacturing to the low cost location, and or lowering the labor cost, and or increasing the quality of the product, etc., were became the issues discussed during the process. Any decision made in the process should be linked to the strategy and in conclusion to the expected result (goal).Marketing management initiatives plays important role in the process. Attention was tell in the advertising or promotion program. The decision on the initiatives was made in relation with other initiatives, and initiative should be congruence to be able to excrete expected impact.Operations management was also applied, in order to have efficient and low cost production, to be able to lower the price, or put emphasizing in better quality of product and therefore adjust the price to a higher number. Having different locations of manufacturing was also part of consideration in operation management, including the days needed for shipping, and inventory level.Financial management was critical. At the end of the day, the success of the strategy, whether the plan was achieved of not, was determined by facts and figures which was analyzed and interpreted in terms of fiscal. The situation or condition of the company was considering of profitable, safe or potentially bankrupt, and whether the strategy was strong or not was determined from numbers including financial ratios. Production plan and realization, exchange rate, labor cost, product sold or unsold, inventory level, price, etc. were contributed to the financial condition, and will be analyzed further fo r determining next strategy (for next run).Human Resource was also had major role in the decision process. Number of labor involved, salary and incentives, were several factors considered in human resource function. During the discussion it was also considered incentive factors as the factor that can boost the motivation of the employees, in which can increase the productivity and eventually proportionally can lower the cost.Experience in the business games told that the management functions will be more effective if it was take into consideration in coordinated way. The strategy made was comprise of many functions of management,Working in TeamsTeam work was a factor that can smooth the progress of the practice toward a productive way. At one time one member took the role as leader, and expressed the idea or opinion which regarded as reference that was back up or argued by other members. The leader than guide or direct the process toward obtaining acceptable or best solution. Othe r member played role as follower, seek to understand point of view of the leader, and gave opinion to enrich the information for having the decision. In one process it can happened that the role of leader was pitch from one member to another member, and lead the discussion toward the decision.Working in team in the business games demonstrated by listening to other opinions or ideas and, gave contribution to the group by doing analysis and expressing constructive argument and idea or opinion to the group. In the process of making group decision, group tried to obtain consensus, with all group members support the decision.Experience and Lesson Taken to Working PlaceIn leading unit in the working place, it is important to have free goals for the unit, which are determined in the process of get alongance planning that usually take place at the beginning of the year. The goals comprises of organization (unit) object lens, and person objective which should be clear and measurable (r efer to SMART Goals principle) and cascaded from top to bottom, means that the goals are aligned from executive or manager position to staff position. Having a clear goals or expectations will make all employees within the unit know exactly what are expected to be achieved and will make the monitoring of performance become more effective, and eventually it will make the evaluation of the achievement more effective. Leader should be able to define the goals, which reflected what the unit wants to be, particularly for the respective(prenominal) year.For the unit, strategy than decided to define what is the best way to achieve the goals or answering how to get there. Leader should be able to determine the strategy, which should consider of having different way of doing rather than just following the same thing. Strategy should have put into consideration opportunities and obstacles that can potentially will be faced on the year. For the unit performance, flow of work, service level ag reement, number of employee, training and development program that will have impact to the quality of work, compensation practice, etc. should be considered in order to have effective strategy.Every people in the organization have potential, and leader should put effort to unleash the potential of the individual and support them to perform in their work. Many initiatives of improvement or programs come from the people in the unit that can give positive impact to the unit. pauperization is needed to keep the work spirit not fall to the lower level. Leader should do coaching to ensure people in the unit understand and on track, make sure that people move to the same direction with same strategy. Every function of management can be implemented to achieve optimum result. Managing the operation implemented to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of work. Human resource management will help in ensuring what unit do are align with the business. Financial management can be implement whether in business or support function, for instance to measure Return on investiture of certain initiatives.As member of management team, we should contribute in a positive way by giving opinion and ideas, or doing what has been decided productively. interchange should be conducted in conducive way, listen what other people say and express opinion to reach to the decision. When decision has been made, member should follow and committed to perform the decision in effectively. Success of the unit is also determined by the competency, performance, and contribution of the members. To have an optimum result, member should be able to look the aspire as unit purpose not individual purpose. This principle can create synergy between members in the team and can contribute more to the performance of the team.The business strategy games provide inspiration that can be applied in the working situation. Having competitors that can affect the result of one group convey the message that in establishi ng standard, one unit should not look into inside factors, but should also consider outside factors. The capability of the unit can be seen differently and will lead to different goals and strategy. Strategy can be different if the external condition is supportive and indicates opportunity and will be different if the external conditions are not accommodating. Macro and micro analysis can be conducted to have a more comprehensive analysis for obtaining effective and right decision.

Effectiveness Of The Post Sentence Supervision Provisions Criminology Essay

Effectiveness Of The Post Sentence Supervision Provisions Criminology EssayThis essay will examine whether the effectiveness of the post decry watchfulness provisions for dangerous wrongdoers ar adequate. The changing attitude towards the treatment of dangerous offenders will be explored showing that in the twenty setoff century, the verge dangerous offender includes familiar and groundless offenders. Most unexclusive attention is foc utilize on those who commit internal and predatory acts against children hence paedophiles atomic number 18 a good deal associated with such dangerous people.It is a subject which has bring-to doe withed me particularly as the stakes argon so t altogetherer(prenominal) if things do non go to plan. My interest arose due to the adverse everydayity surrounding high profile lineaments where dangerous offenders reoffend and it spurred me into examining whether the post execration supervision orders worked.The term dangerous offender can to a fault be extended to include potential terrorists, the soci whollyy excluded as well as other violent and sexual offenders who carry come out of the closet offences with a varying degree of proficientness. More debatablely dangerousness is also applied to the mentally ill who commit grave offences. At one time the punishment had to fit the law-breaking and although this is still true it has to be looked at in tandem with the happen to society of permitting an offender back into the community.The Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) arrangements were introduced to deal with those dangerous offenders who equal in the community, managing them so that they do not pose a threat to society. MAPPA is a multi substance approach consisting of the practice of law, topical anesthetic authorities, schools, probation service and similar entities.What is the main take on of MAPPA is to reform the conduct of previous offenders so that through their treatment and rehab ilitation they no longer wish to re-offend or is their aim to merely be precautionary and reactionary stopping any re-offending by close supervision?The issue of releasing dangerous offenders into the community is highly controversial because the repercussions of re-offending can be horrendous. It entirely takes one case where another heinous crime is committed for a ordinary shout out to ensue with the press claiming that the MAPPA governing body is not working. In access the effects on the victims is acute with claims that the re-offender should not realise been released early or at all, as clearly they still pose a great assay to society.Carefully balanced against the publics desire to be protected is the human rights aspect of the offender. In recent years in that location has been a tendency for home secretaries to buy the farm involved in what are perceived as lenient sentences given to dangerous offenders. In a couple of instances the respective home secretary has intervened to enlarge the recommended minimum sentence before an offender can be considered eligible for parole. The House of Lords, by-line an front decision, has recently ruled that such intervention by the home secretary is incompatible with the offenders human rights.I will use both qualitative sources with a lesser amount of quantitative material, some extracted at primary sources.Proposed chapters at this juncture areChapter 1The concept of dangerousness will be explored to highlight the type of offenders under discussion. We will look at the controversial area of mentally incapable dangerous offenders and their treatment. An analysis of the legislation including relevant guidance and the military positions of some academic commentators will be undertaken.Chapter 2The functioning of the multi-agency public protection arrangements will be examined in detail including a look at one particular police force. Their methodology and data will be examined to ascertain if they are successful or adequate and what is meant by adequate. Government and academic commentaries will be consideredChapter 3Some high profile publicized cases causing concern will be examined which will lead the press and others to condemn the post supervision orders of dangerous offenders. The issue of dangerous foreign offenders committing serious offences in the UK will be examined.Chapter 4Analysis of MAPPA data will be examined which will highlight the successes and blows of post sentencing initiatives and suggest possible reforms. Dangerous offenders have human rights and the cases of Anderson and more recently, Whiting, will be explored looking at the aspect of political intervention in minimum recommended sentences. Conclusion will tie all material together with my thoughts on the adequacy of post supervision of dangerous offenders.Literature ReviewA wide range of literature has been examined including secondary sources comprising mellow academic commentators and also primary so urces including judiciary judgments and published reports of the managing agencies have been examined. Other original sources under testing include newspaper articles and commentaries of various public firmament personnel. There is an inherent bias built into the views of the MAPPA agencies and government ministers who seek to justify the effectiveness of their respective areas of work.Chapter 1The modern day criminal justice system in Britain is geared at the rehabilitation of offenders so the prison system is not unless a means of incarceration to remove the offender from comprise any danger to the public, still also a vehicle for preparing the offender for release and re-integration into society.The Criminal judge Act 2003 (which has been amended by the Criminal arbitrator and Immigration Act 2008) sets out the criteria for dealing with dangerous offenders and is important to the court for sentencing purposes. Dangerous offenders are identified by reference to the commi ssion of specified violent and sexual offences set out in Schedule 15 of the Criminal Justice Act. That Act says that a court must determine whether there is a significant risk of infection to members of the public of serious vituperate by the commission by him of gain offences (Criminal Justice Act, S 229). In a recent case the Court of Appeal held that in determining dangerousness the court was not confined to considering only admissible evidence and could consider, as it did in the case, an alleged history of strength although the offender did not have convictions (R v Considine and Davis, 2007). Public protection was enhanced under the Criminal Justice Act by the introduction of a sentence of imprisonment for public protection which ensures that certain offenders are not released until the Parole Board determines that it is safe to do so.Problems arise because although the term dangerous offender is use in a general way it is in fact extremely difficult to predict who is dan gerous as individuals vary in their behaviour. Not only do individuals vary as between each other so that there are differing degrees and shades of dangerousness but also, on an individual backside, the scope for carrying out dangerous and violent acts whitethorn vary on a daily basis. The notion of dangerousness is therefore extremely complex in itself and is capable of shifting on an individual basis whereby assessing and predicting future behaviour can be compared to attempting to mould soft sand into a permanent form.Human nature can be fundamentally and inherently unpredictable plane among stable law abiding individuals, so when mentally unstable people are added to the melting pot, the decision as to assessing their dangerousness becomes more complex. In the UK, policies addressing those with dangerous and severe personality disorders (DSPD) has expanded considerably in recent years against a background that people with personality disorders should not be precluded from acce ssing services available to the rest of society. The DSPD programme deals with patients who have the close to severe personality disorders. The DSPD programme offers an intensive multi disciplinary treatment programme order on individual need and comprising a cognitive-behavioural group-based intervention approach with opportunities for social interaction, in ward-based community meetings for example. Specific treatment includes offence-specific groups, such as sex offender group and violence reduction programmes. There has been a shift of policy from placing people with DSPD in prisons into secure hospitals with the National Health Service taking a more active role in providing treatment. A smaller number of medium secure and community throw ins have been programmed, but so far the implementation has fallen behind target and the rehabilitation of DSPD patients back into the community remains extremely challenging. Evaluation of the DSPD programme is a work in progress and the rival of this policy on reoffending rates remains to be deduced. Persons assessed as having DSPD must be detained for treatment and discharge from detention is dependent upon a test of public safety as against favourable responsiveness to treatment. The link between dangerous behaviour and mental illness remains embedded in public judgement despite the attempts of mental health practitioners to highlight the absence of such a connection. A study of public opinion towards schizophrenia found that 70% of respondents view this group as dangerous (Crisp et al, 2001). Regarding treatment in the community following release from prison or hospital, Leung cites the European judgment of W v Sweden 1988, in which compulsory medication on discharge from hospital was not a deprivation of liberty and would not impinge Article 5 of the European gathering on Human Rights (Leung, 2002).Prison population has increased dramatically over the last fifteen years from circa 43,000 at the start of the 1990s (Home location, 2005a) to in bare of 80,000 today. Although there are numerous intellects given to explain this startling increase, the focus of the public on dangerousness is one such explanation. In 2006 a review was conducted which claimed that prison was the best place for dangerous offenders as it stopped them from re-offending (Home Office, 2006a, p. 32). In 2007 with the creation of the Ministry of Justice the preceding approach to detaining dangerous offenders for a long time did not change. On the contrary, the newly formed Ministry reiterated that prison places are available to protect the public from dangerous offenders (Ministry of Justice, 2007, p 4).The 1990s preoccupation with public protection regulate the policies of protecting the public from the risk of serious harm arising from violent offenders and the aim of responding more effectively to the risk of paedophiles and the increase in child sex misdirect (Grubin, 1998)Within the UK the population is gen erally extremely fearful of the level of violent and sexual crime (Ditton Farrell, 2002 Kemshall, 2003). The focus on this type of crime has been exacerbated by the media and even when crime rates are shown to be falling, the public perception is that they are living in a more violent society. Dangerousness has therefore been widely used to describe an increasing amount of offences and has been tended to(p) with an expectation of more punitive sentences to deal with the increase. Barbara Hudson asserts that there has been a significant shift from doing justice to controlling risks as the goal of law and order and penal strategies (Hudson, 2002 p 101). The modern society is characterised by the increasing scope and influence of the mass media. The far reaching scrutiny of the global mass media means that the negatives of modern society are reported and in terms of criminal justice, its helplessnesss can be exposed. Such exposure is accompanied by cynicism towards expert opinions a nd the positive effects of legislation (Garland, 2000).Garland (2001, p178) has described the space between the community and prisons as having become more strictly enforced stating that Those offenders who are released into the community are subject to much tighter control than previously and conditions that continue to restrict their freedom.the community into which they are released is actually a well monitored terrain, a supervised space, wishing much of the liberty that one associates with normal life.Commenting on a Panorama programme broadcast in 2006, HM brain Inspector of Probation said he thought the programme made a fair point when he said that general talk of close supervision and monitoring of offenders can give a misleading impression to the public of the extent of measures taken to prevent them (Bridges, 2007).It is clear in the early stages of this essay that there are different views on the nature and extent of monitoring to which dangerous offenders are subject ed on their release from prison. Academics like Garland above consider the measures stringent, equal to imprisonment within the community, whereas the enforcers of those measures, probation workers, maintain that it is unhelpful to make it sound as if community service is prison in the community which it plainly is not (Bridges, 2007 p 4).Chapter 2Violent sex offendersOnce prisoners reach the end of their sentence but are still considered dangerous, measures are put in place to contest them in the community. The Violent and Sex Offender Register ( billhook) is managed by the National Policing Improvement Agency of the Home Office. It comprises records stored on a database of those obligated to register with the police in accordance with the Sexual Offences Act 2003 those jailed for more than 12 months for violent offences and people not convicted of any crimes but who are deemed to be at risk of offending. It was rolled out to every probation area and prison establishment in Engla nd and Wales in 2008 with police, probation and prison services using the same IT system for the first time. This co-ordination should ensure that the quality and synchronisation of risk assessments are improved leading to effective interventions to prevent re-offending.In 2009 Greater Manchester Police responded to a freedom of instruction request under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In stick toing with the request the police reported that of 16 people within their jurisdiction who were on the ViSOR since 2007, 4 had not been convicted. So 25% of those on the ViSOR had not all the same been convicted of a crime in a court of law yet they were subjected to the reporting and other requirements placed on individuals who are so registered.Sexual Offences ActThe notification periods for offenders are also contained within the Sexual Offences Act 2003. Where offenders are subject to imprisonment for life or for more than 30 months confined for public protection admitted to hosp ital under a restriction order or subject to an order for lifelong restriction the notification period is indefinitely. The question of the legitimacy of lifelong registration has been subjected to challenge in recent years. It was successfully challenged in the High Court and the appeal against the decision was dismissed in the Supreme Court which stated that lifelong registration was incompatible with human rights (European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8).Recent Challenge and human rightsThe ViSOR database holds name and address records, photographs, risk assessment, offenders modus operandi, and an audit trail. The Police National Computer is linked to ViSOR. match to the National Policing Improvement Agency 77,000 records of named individuals are maintained on the database. 7Sex offenders subject to the register must inform the Police within 3 days 8 of becoming subject to the notification requirements, or within 3 days of various changes occurring 9, including moving h ome, changing their name, changes of passport details. Offenders must confirm their registration yearly 10. Failure to comply is an offence, subject to a penalty of up to five years imprisonment.The importance of the ViSOR is that providing registered offenders comply with its provisions, then they can be monitored by the appropriate agencies. Although failure to comply has a penalty of up to 5 years imprisonment, this is of little comfort or assistance to people who are subjected to attacks by offenders who have failed to comply with the notification requirements. In this respect the adequacy of the registration provisions are an end in themselves and do not prevent further offending. Generally speaking the public will derive some comfort from the fact that registered offenders are on the radar of the police and are or should be at certain addresses. Problems ensue when the registered offender is not where he should be so that the supervision and monitoring duty on the agencies br eaks down. Of course it may be that the offender has forgotten to register a change of address or he cannot be bothered or he has a genuine reason for not complying and that he has no intention of re-offending. The problem is that with the genuine fear of violent crime within the community, the public are alarmed if they should become certain of such failures. Even worse, if a registered offender does re-offend, the public will see this as evidence of the inadequacy of the supervisory arrangements of the ViSOR. If the non compliant registered offender does not reoffend it may be that the public is kept in oblivious ignorance and it does not come to their attention.Multi Agency Partnership Protection AgenciesThe MAPPA measures were put in place nine years ago in an attempt to improve the effectiveness of the circumspection of offenders who are in the community. MAPPA has statutory force as the arrangements were first set out in the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 and r e-enacted and further strengthened in part 13 section 325 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 courtly a legal duty on agencies. The measures mainly comprise randomness sharing and the views of professionals who come together pooling their expertise in order to ensure the public is protected from future offending of dangerous offenders. There are 3 levels of cases under MAPPA. Level 1 can be managed by one agency (usually probation service) level 2 requires more than 1 agency and level 3 requires co-ordination among various agencies.The legal duties placed on the police, prison and probation services acting collectively as the responsible authority to establish arrangements for assessing and managing the risks posed by relevant sexual and violent offenders or other offenders who may cause serious harm to the public to review and monitor those arrangements and as part of the reviewing and monitoring arrangements, to prepare and publish an annual report on their operation.Other agencie s also under a legal duty to co-operate with the responsible authority include local authority social services, primary care trusts, jobcentre plus, youth offending teams. Local housing providers, local education authorities and electronic monitoring providers.Thus MAPPA involves a wide range of bodies which in itself is good but the effectiveness of its measures lie in the susceptibility to co-ordinate responses across all spectrums of the agencies by the responsible authority. In most cases the offender will be managed by the agency with supervisory responsibility but several offenders require multi-agency charge and their risk management plans will be compiled and monitored at MAPPA meetings in which various agencies are place.MAPPA is primarily concerned with managing risk. David Hanson, Minister for Justice said Putting in place thorough systems to ensure high level vigilance of serious sexual and violent offenders on their release from prison is vital in our work protecting communities from crime and he also acknowledges that the introduction of the MAPPA have been successful in reducing risk (Ministry of Justice, 2008).Offenders released into the community following a period of imprisonment of 12 months or more will be subject to a licence with conditions (under the supervision of the probation service. If the offender does not comply with the set conditions, breach action will be taken whereby the offender may be sent back to prison. Sexual offences prevention orders can be made with a full order lasting for a minimum of 5 years and a requirement that the offender registers as a sexual offender. Conditions can be imposed restricting the offender from frequenting school playgrounds for example. Again if the offender breaches the order he can be taken back to court and may be imprisoned for up to 5 years. Foreign trip orders prevents offenders with convictions for sexual offences against children from travelling abroad so as to prevent children from t he risk of sexual harm.In 2008, the Home Office began pilots which increased the amount of information well-nigh certain child sex offenders which was available to the public. People were able to ask for information about a person who has contact with their children. The pilots took place throughout 4 police areas and were completed in September 2009. Although the pilots were to be evaluated with a view to creation implemented nationwide, regardless of the outcome of that evaluation, there is already an obligation to consider during a case review, whether there is a need to disclose information about the offender as part of the risk management plan. This would appear to be duplication and there does seem to be a necessity for MAPPAS to be seen to be continuously evolving as the offender is always one step ahead.Polygraph testsIn October 2009 the Ministry of Justice announced that it was piloting mandatory polygraph tests for sex offenders in the community. The polygraph test is be ingness scrutinised to ascertain whether it might be another useful tool for the effective management of sex offenders. The governing legislation is the Offender Management Act 2007 which empower the mandatory use of polygraphs on sex offenders who are subject to licence upon their entry into the community following their imprisonment. The polygraph test would be used together with, and not instead of, other management offender tools.CastrationChapter 3As can be seen there are a wide variety of management tools available under the MAPPA arrangements but their effectiveness and adequacy will now be examined.In October 2009 the Daily Telegraph reported that dangerous foreign criminals are remaining in Britain despite strenuous efforts by the Government to remove them. The paper reports that immigration judges have overturned attempts by the Home Office to remove at least 50 foreign criminals from the country in the past year with their defence lawyers arguing that deporting them woul d breach their human rights. Examples of such cases are Mark Cadle from Berlize, jailed for having sex with a 14 year old girl who judges said would have his human right to family life infringed if deported because his family lived in Britain. A Somali who had been convicted for manslaughter and robbery was allowed to remain in the country after the court said he would be at serious risk of persecution if deported as he was from a minority clan. Of the 50 cases involved 15 include criminals with convictions for serious violent crimes, 4 sex offenders and 13 with drug convictions. In most of the cases lawyers argued that deporting them would breach their human rights to a family life because many had families in Britain. In some instances like the Somali case, the issues were that the person would be subjected to torture if returned to his homeland in breach of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.On the 2 November 2009 the bleak headlines of the Guardian newspaper re ad probation service failing to learn lessons over run into of French students, inquiry finds (Travis, 2009). In 2008 two French students were tortured and murdered in London by Dano Sonnex. He was found guilty of their murder and was a violent drug addict who was meant to be under supervision and should have been in jail as he had earlier breached his conditions for release. The case raised fresh anxiety and concerns over the manner in which dangerous offenders are monitored in the community. The parents of the two students were so infuriate that they were preparing to issue proceeding against the probation service and the police. The massive public outcry prompted the chief inspector of probation, Andrew Bridges to look at 276 cases across 10 London boroughs. The findings did not make perceptible reading for the relevant MAPPA responsible bodies. Bridges said that the results were disappointing particularly when compared to 2008 and he deduced that only 54% of the public protect ion work examined was of sufficiently high level of quality we were looking for. ( ). In 2008 the figure was 63% for the whole London sample so this heralded a poignant deterioration.Another high profile case was the murder of Naomi Bryant in Winchester by Anthony Rice. Rice had served 16 years in prison and had committed several sexual attacks including rape and seek rape. At the time of the murder he was on life licence and was under the supervision of Hampshire Probation Area alongside numerous other agencies via MAPPA. Following the murder of Bryant an independent report was undertaken which concluded that there were serious shortcomings in the way Rice had been managed prior and since his release from prison. The report revealed that the failure to properly manage Rices risk of being a danger to the community was not the fault of one particular person or agency but was a collective failure of measures both within the prison and the community.Upon his release there was no clear indication of who took the lead responsibility for Rice and there followed transfers of key responsibilities which made for inconsistencies and neediness of co-ordination. The conditions on the Licence were vague for example one condition stated that Rice should not misuse substances and the social club staff where he was staying interpreted this as meaning that he could consume alcohol. The report criticised the MAPPA panel for allowing them to be distracted by human rights consideration at the expense of public protection. The report highlighted lack of communication and errors of judgment and reinforced the importance of the three responsible agencies having clarity and consistency in their practices and procedures.The next notorious case concerns the murder of John Monckton and the assay murder of his wife by 2 young men both under the supervision of London probation. When Hanson was 17 years old he veritable a sentence of 12 years for attempted murder and conspiracy to comm it robbery, and it was during his licence period for this offence that he committed the murder of Monckton. Hanson ought to have been referred to MAPPA but he was not, despite being assessed as a high risk of causing harm. So despite being branded as a high risk he was not treated as such. The parole board failed to appreciate the relevance of Hansons predeliction for using instrumental violence and his recorded include utilising violence for financial advantage. Hanson was placed on a CALM programme which does not address this type of violence. After his release he was to report to an pip which was within the exclusion zone from which he was banned clearly a mistake. His residency was also an issue resulting in him living in a hostel which had not been approved by the parole board because the approved hostel in Essex had refused his application. The interpretation of licence conditions caused problems and the risk of harm posed was not assessed or managed adequately and there was a lack of co-ordination with the partnership arrangements. The inspectorate report concluded there was a collective failure to describe the failure in practices of all those managing Hanson and White and acknowledged the considerable organisational constraints in their management (HM Inspectorate of Probation, 2006)Positive AspectsThere are however some positive aspects to the work of MAPPA (HM Inspectorate of Probation, 2006). The report decided that in the vast majority of cases MAPPA had been very effective and produced good work although there was still room for improvement. The report concluded that the risk of harm assessments had been accurate in a high proportion of cases. The probation and prison services worked closely in order to identify appropriate offender programmes and appropriate tools were activated to manage the risk of harm posed by particular offenders.The public protection arrangements which existed in 2001 and found wanting (Maguire et al 2001) had greatly imp roved by 2005. In 2001 unconnected from the probation and police few of the other agencies bothered to attend meetings. The introduction of the Criminal Justice Court Services Act 2000 had made real and major improvements to the management of high risk cases. In 2005 most agencies were attending meetings and recording decisions and the evidence used to reach their conclusions with all areas having regular case reviews and information sharing protocols in place. Procedures were in place to manage offenders at all the levels including appropriate risk classification tools and gate keeping through the system. However resources were a problem as were the IT case management systems. But in the 4 years since 2001 a more structured and clear approach to managing high risk offenders was in place throughout England and Wales (Madoc-Jones, 2006)The lifelong restrictions on sex offenders living and travel arrangements were recently judged to be a breach of human rights (R (JF(by his litigatio n friend OF) ) Anor v SSHD). piece 82 Sexual Offences Act requires all persons sentenced to thirty months imprisonment or more for a sexual offence to tell the police where they reside and if they travel abroad for the rest of their lives. Importantly there is no right to review the operation of the requirement. Both respondents were sex offenders and they challenged the lifelong notification requirement on the basis that it was a disproportionate requirement and breached their human rights under Article 8CONCLUSIONThe important precis from which to start is that unless all dangerous offenders are imprisoned with maximum security so that escape is virtually impossible, it is impossible to guarantee that there is no risk to the public of harm from these offenders. As such measures are impractical, too costly and in breach of human rights legislation, then the present system is the one which exists and in which improvements can be made. In fact the present MAPPA system is a way of p rotecting the public with measures which do not affront human rights legislation.Unfortunately government policy has in the past been influenced by public outcry with the press wielding influence with its sometimes sensational headlines. The fact remains that the MAPPA and other arrangements involve many people who are capable of qualification errors of judgments which can have tragic consequences for victims should offenders reoffend. Every time one person is subjected to a sexual or violent attack, there is a public outcry and a condemnation of the release into the community of dangerous offenders and that the measures are inadequate. However MAPPA in itself does comply with the requirements of the human rights legislationBibGarland, D. (2001) The Culture of Control abhorrence and Social Order in Contemporary Society, Oxford Oxford University PressHMPS (2005 b) Public Protection Arrangement Working Together to Defend Communities, 17 October 2005, available at http//www.hmprisonse rvice.gov.uk/resourcecentre/pressreleases/index.asp?id=4193,230,608,242,0,0, (accessed on 21 June 2010)HM Inspectorate of Probation 2006. An Independent Review of a Serious Further Offence Case Damien Hanson and Elliot White. Retrieved on 2010 from http//inspectorates.homeoffi

Effect Of Aging On The Reproductive Systems Biology Essay

Effect Of Aging On The Reproductive Systems Biology riseReproduction is the process by which organisms generate offspring. Whilst the reproductive governance is essential to keeping a species alive, it is not essential to keeping an individual alive. Reproduction is a characteristic that every last(predicate) living things have in common and one of the things that sets them apart from non living things.Effects of ageing on the priapic reproductive systemThe male reproductive system consists of the testes, a series of ducts and glands and a penis. Sperm are produced in the testes and are transported through the reproductive ducts (including the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra). The reproductive glands (including the seminal vesicles and prostate gland) produce secretions that become part of se hands, the fluid that is ejaculated from the urethra. As males age testicular tissue mass flows, sperm production decreases and erectile affair changes.Men, unlike women, do not experience a sudden change in fertility as they age. Instead, changes occur gradually during a process know as andropause. Andropause is a term used to describe a male menopause characterized by a decrease in testosterone. Although not an officially recognise medical term, the notion of andropause has existed since the 1940s. This relates to the slow but steady reduction of the production of the hormones testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in middle-aged men which is associated with a decrease in leydig cells (found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes).The female menopause is a complete cessation of reproductive ability caused by the cessation of the female reproductive system. Andropause is a decline in certain male hormones but it does not cause a mans reproductive system to stop working altogether.The frequency, duration, and rigidity of erections gradually decline through forbidden adulthood. Levels of testosterone (the male sex hormone) tend t o decrease, reducing sex drive (libido) for some men. Sexual responses may become slower and less intense. While this may to a fault be related to decreasing testosterone levels, it foundation also result from different psychological or social changes related to aging. The impact of low levels of testosterone has also been connected to other symptoms associated with aging including nervousness, depression, impaired memory, the inability to concentrate, fatigue, insomnia, desirous flushes and sweating.Erectile dysfunction (male impotence) is characterized by the inability to develop or withstand an erection of the penis sufficient for right sexual performance and it is often associated with the aging process. However, erectile dysfunction is more likely to be the result of a medical or psychological line of work rather than simple aging. Medications can cause some men to be unable to develop or maintain an erection. In addition, any disorder that impairs caudex flow in the pen is or causes injury to the nerves has the potential to cause erectile dysfunction. Although it is not an inevitable part of aging, incidences amplification with age roughly 5 percent of 40-year-old men and between 15 and 25 percent of 65-year-old men experience erectile dysfunction.Blood flow to the penis decreases with age. Other changes entangle decreases in penile sensitivity and ejaculatory volume, reduced forewarning of ejaculation, orgasm without ejaculation, more rapid detumescence (the return of an erect penis to its natural flaccid state) state, and a yearlong refractory period (the recovery phase afterwards orgasm before being arousable again).A process called sclerosis may mean that the thermionic valves that carry sperm become less elastic. The testes continue to produce sperm, but the rate of sperm cell production slows. The epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland lose some of their out cells but continue to produce the fluid that helps carry sperm.Appro ximately 50% of men suffer from a condition known as benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) in which the prostate gland enlarges with age and some of the prostate tissue is replaced with fibroid tissue. This can cause problems with ejaculation and with urination as this partially blocks the urethra (the tube that drains the bladder). Vesicoureteral reflux (backup of urine into the kidneys) may develop if the bladder is inadequately drained, eventually resulting in kidney failure if untreated.Fertility varies from man to man. The volume of fluid ejaculated usually mud the same, throughout life, however, with age there are generally fewer living sperm in the fluid. Prostate cancer becomes more common as men age and bladder cancel is common in older men. Testicular cancers generally occur more often in younger men.Effects of aging on the female reproductive systemMenopause is the permanent end of menstrual periods and the end of fertility in women. The average age of menopause for women in the UK is 52. However, menopause may occur normally in women as young as 40. Menopause is considered premature when it occurs before age 40 (also called premature ovarian failure).During the reproductive years, menstrual periods usually occur in approximate monthly one shots, with an egg released from the ovary about 2 weeks after the first day of a period. For this cycle to occur regularly, the ovaries must produce enough oestrogen and progesterone hormone.A distinctive transitional period called perimenopause occurs during the years before and for one year after the last menstrual period. During perimenopause, oestrogen and progesterone levels fluctuate widely, menstrual periods and ovulation become irregular, and symptoms (such as hot flushes) may occur. Eventually, menstrual periods and ovulation end permanently, and pregnancy is no long-acting possible.Around menopause changes in the genital organs occur rapidly. The tissues of the labia minora, clitoris, vagina, and urethra atrophy. This atrophy can result in chronic irritation, dryness, and a discharge from the vagina which can increase the likeliness of vaginal infections developing. The lining of the vagina becomes thinner, drier, and less elastic and this may make sexual intercourse painful and may increase the risk of inflammation (vaginitis). The labia minora, clitoris, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries all decrease in size. The lining of the urethra becomes thinner, and the urethra becomes shorter. Because of these changes, microorganisms can enter the body more easily, and some women develop urinary tract infections more easily.With aging, there is a decrease in the amount of muscle and connective tissue, including the muscles, ligaments, and other tissues that support the bladder, uterus, vagina, and rectum. As a result, the affected organs may prolapse (sag or drop down). This can cause a feeling of pelvic pressure or fullness and possible difficulties urinating and/or pain during sexual i ntercourse. The muscles that control the flow of urine out of the bladder become weaker and stress incontinence can develop. Some women develop urge incontinence, which is an abrupt, intense urge to urinate that cannot be suppressed. Because there is less oestrogen to stimulate milk ducts, the breasts decrease in size and may sag (also due to connective tissue decreasing and fibrous tissue being replaced with fat). notwithstanding these changes, woman can and still do enjoy sexual activity. In addition, after menopause, the ovaries and adrenal glands continue to produce small amounts of testosterone which can help maintain the sex drive, slow the loss of muscle tissue, and contribute to an boilersuit sense of well-being.Other symptoms thought to be connected to the menopause are mood changes, depression, irritability, hot flushes, anxiety, nervousness, sleep disturbances/insomnia, loss of concentration, headache, and fatigue. However, these symptoms may not directly be related to th e decreases in oestrogen levels that occur with menopause as many other factors (such as aging itself or a medical problem) could explain the symptoms. later menopause the decrease in oestrogen levels causes changes that can continue to negatively affect overall health. As oestrogen decreases, the amount of collagen (a protein that makes skin strong) and elastin (a protein that makes skin elastic) also decrease. Thus, the skin may become thinner, dryer, less elastic, and more vulnerable to injury.Oestrogen decreases can also often leads to a decrease in bone density and sometimes to osteoporosisbecause oestrogen helps maintain bone. Bone becomes less dense and weaker, making fractures more likely.After menopause, levels of lipids, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL bad cholesterol), increase in women while levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL good cholesterol) decrease. These changes in lipid levels may also partly explain why coronary artery disease and thus coronary art ery disease become more common among women after menopause. Until menopause, the high oestrogen levels may protect against coronary artery disease.

Essay --

In Temptation, Havel puts a twist in which he explores illogical nature of devotion to oppressive systems. The fetch shows inner conflict as there are struggles with his beliefs, and his respect with his desires and wishes. Havels works take us out of our comfort zone of what is presumed Temptation would be It helps us to question what really is evil that reeks on ones life? Havels Temptation set in a workplace a at information mental institution, where there mission was to solely combat illogical tendencies of the society. In which they focus was to canvass unnatural acquisition of the world scientifically. at the time the focus the study of in humanity through systematic or scientific work. During that specific time many people especially the younger generation were very fire in the study of sadistic forms and the unknowns world also called Black Art. The main focus of Havels work is Dr. Foustka and his couleges ,Having worked together in the institution for numerous amounts of time, the characters in the work are moderately familiar with one another. They have attended office ...